CHapter 35 Study Guide
Chapter #35: IDENTIFICATIONS
A. Philip Randolph- black leader; head of the Botherhood of Sleeping Car Porters; threatened a massive “Negro March on Washington” in 1941 to demand equal opportunities for blacks in war jobs and in the armed forces
George S. Patton- led Allied troops on D-Day in French Normandy to claw their way onto land across the landscape and deeper into France
Albert Einstein- German-born scientist who helped persuade Roosevelt into pushing ahead preparations for unlocking the secret of an atomic bomb
Office of Price Administration- brought ascending prices under control when full employment and scarce costumer goods fueled a sharp inflationary surge in 1942
Fair Employment Practice Commission- Roosevelt issued an executive order forbidding discrimination in defense industries and this commission was established to monitor said compliance
D-Day- point of attack at French Normandy on June 6, 1944; the amphibious assault on Normandy; after heavy resistance, Allied troops clawed their way onto land, across the landscape, and deeper into France
V-E Day- May 7, 1945, the date of the official German surrender, but the next day was officially proclaimed Victory in Europe Day
Manhattan Project- pushed feverishly forward, as American know-how and industrial power were combined with the most advanced scientific knowledge; desert near Alamogordo, New Mexico, experts detonated the first awesome and devastating atomic device
Braceros- workers had to be found for farms and factories because many men were fighting in the war; an agreement with Mexico in 1942 brought thousands of Mexican agricultural workers across the border to harvest fruit and grain crops of the West
Chapter #35: GUIDED READING QUESTIONS
The Allies Trade Space for Time
Know: Germany First
1. "America's task was far more complex and back-breaking [in World War II] than in World War I." Explain.
America’s task was to feed, clothe, and arm itself, as well as transport its forces to regions as far separated as Britain and Burma. It also had to send a vast amount of food and munitions to its hard-pressed allies, who stretched all the way from the USSR to Australia.
The Shock of War
Know: Axis Powers, Internment Camps, Korematsu v. U.S.
2. How did the war affect liberal ideals and goals at home?
Many programs of the New Deal including the Civilian Conservation Corps, the Works Progress Administration, and the National Youth Administration were wiped out by Congress in 1942. The New Deal was no longer popular.
Building the War Machine
Know: War Production Board, War Labor Board
3. What effects did the war have on manufacturing, agriculture and labor?
Factories poured forth an avalanche of weaponry, manufacturing of nonessential items was halted for the priorities of transportation and access to raw materials, farms were drained of workers, and full employment and scarce costumer good fueled a sharp inflationary surge in 1942. Labor Unions resented the government’s dictated ceilings on wage increases.
Makers of America: The Japanese
Know: Matthew Perry, Meiji Government, Picture Brides, Gentleman's Agreement, Issei, Nissei
4. In what way can it be said that the reason's for Japanese immigrants' success also caused them trouble?
The Japanese immigrants’ success caused them trouble because of the U.S.’s suspicions. The Americans started to realize that the Japanese in America could easily find out secret information and been spies. This could have led to the Japanese Americans being forced into the concentration camps where they were treated less even though they may have been native born and a legal U.S. citizen.
Manpower and Womanpower
Know: WAACS, WAVES, SPARS, GI, Braceros, Rosie the Riveter
5. What opportunities were opened to women as a result of the war?
Women were able to More than 6 million women took up jobs outside the home to earn an hourly wage. Many were mothers so 3,000 day care centers were set up to care for the women’s children. This job opportunity gave women a big part in helping the war effort and women’s equality in the workplace.
Wartime Migrations
Know: A. Philip Randolph, Fair Employment Practices Commission, Double V, CORE, Code Talkers, Zoot Suit Riots
6. What effect did the war have on the nation's minorities?
African Americans from the South started to move more North and started a big movement with their protestation of segregation, discrimination, and equality. Native Americans started to move out of reservations. Native Americans were also part of the armed forces and proved very valuable as “code talkers” through their native language. However, as different races started to brush arms, there was some distressingly violent friction.
Holding the Homefront
7. What economic effects resulted from American participation in the war?
The war invigorated the economy and lifted the country out of a decade long depression. The Office of Scientific Research and Development channeled hundreds of millions of dollars into university-based scientific research. The flood of war dollars swept the plague of unemployment from the land. The wartime bill amounted to more than $330 billion, the war costing $10 million an hour.
The Rising Sun in the Pacific
Know: Douglas MacArthur, Bataan Death March
8. Describe Japanese victories in the Pacific in the months following Pearl Harbor.
The Japanese launched widespread and uniformly successful attacks on various Far Eastern bastions including American outposts of Guam, Wake, and the Philippines. The Japanese cut Burma Road, which the U.S. used to truck munitions to armies of Chinese. The Japanese lunged southward against the oil-rich Dutch East Indies.
Japan's High Tide at Midway
Know: Battle of the Coral Sea, Midway, Chester Nimitz
9. Why was Midway an important battle?
Midway was an important battle was it was the first turn-around victory for the allies. The allied task force inflicted heavy losses on the Japanese. The Japanese imperialists overextended and suffered from “victory disease.”
American Leapfrogging Toward Tokyo
Know: Guadalcanal, Island Hopping, Guam
10. What strategy did the United States use to defeat the Japanese?
The United States used the strategy of leapfrogging. This meant that they would capture nearby islands of the most fortified Japanese posts, set up airfields on them, and then neutralizing the enemy bases through heavy bombing. Admiral Nimitz skillfully coordinated efforts of naval, air, and ground units, and easily retook islands from the Japanese.
The Allied Halting of Hitler
Know: Wolf Packs, Enigma, Erwin Rommel, Bernard Montgomery, El Alamein, Battle of Stalingrad
11. "The war against Hitler looked much better at the end of 1942 than it had in the beginning." Explain.
In the beginning, it looked as though what was left of the allied forces could not stand a chance against Hitler. Hitler entered the war with a formidable fleet of ultramodern submarines, which operated especially in the North Atlantic, the Caribbean, and the Gulf of Mexico. The war was looking better towards the end because eventually allied antisumbmarine tactics improved substantially thanks to British code breakers who had cracked the Germans’ “Enigma” codes, so they could see where German U-boats were close-by. The British also launched a thousand-plane raid on Cologne in May and joined with American air forces to drive German Marshal Rommel eastward. Then Stalin regained about two-thirds of the blood-soaked soviet motherland wrested from him by the German invader.
A Second Front from North Africa to Rome
Know: Soft Underbelly of Europe, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Casablanca, Sicily
12. Describe the purpose and outcome of the Invasion of North Africa.
The purpose was for the Allies to cut Hitler’s forces through the “soft underbelly” of the Mediterranean Sea. The attack was coordinated and executed by Dwight D. Eisenhower but upon meeting the German soldiers, the Americans were set back at the Kasserine Pass. The soft underbelly wasn’t really successful because the underbelly wasn’t as soft as Churchill had guessed.
D-Day: June 6, 1944
Know: Teheran, D-Day, Normandy, George Patton
13. Why could June 6, 1944 be considered THE turning point of the war?
One of the biggest factors that started the World War II was the fall of France. This was the turning point of the war because it was the day all the allies truly worked together to launch an attack on the Germans on the beaches of Normandy France. Allied troops finally clawed their way onto land, across the landscape, and deeper into France. With help of the “French Underground,” Paris was freed August of 1944.
FDR: The Fourth-Termite of 1944
Know: Thomas Dewey, Henry Wallace, Harry S Truman
14. Why was the choice of a vice-presidential candidate important and difficult for the democrats in 1944?
It was difficult because FDR was aging under the strain, but no other figure was available, and the war was grinding to its finale. The Democrats got a sense that FDR was the “forgotten man” so an unusual amount of attention was focused on the vice presidency because of this.
Roosevelt Defeats Dewey
Know: Fala
15. What factors led to Roosevelt's victory over Dewey?
Substantial assistance to Roosevelt came from the new political action committee of the CIO, which was organized to get around the law banning the direct use of union funds for political purposes. Roosevelt won primarily because the war was going well. Foreign policy was a decisive factor with untold thousands of voters, who concluded that Roosevelt’s experienced hand was needed in fashioning a future organization for world peace. Dewey had spoken smoothly of international cooperation, but his isolationist running mate, Bricker, had implanted serious doubts.
The Last Days of Hitler
Know: Battle of the Bulge, "Nuts," Elbe River, Holocaust, V-E Day
16. Describe the last six months of war in Europe.
On the retreat and losing, Hitler concentrated his forces and threw them in the Ardennes forest on December 16, 1944, starting the Battle of “the Bulge.” He nearly succeeded in his gamble, but the ten-day penetration was finally stopped by the 101st Airborne Division that had stood firm at the vital bastion of Bastogne, which was commanded by Brigadier General A.C. McAuliffe. In March 1945, the Americans reached the Rhine River of Germany, and then pushed toward the river Elbe, and from there, joining Soviet troops, they marched toward Berlin. Upon entering Germany, the Allies were horrified to find the concentration camps where millions of Jews and other “undesirables” had been slaughtered in attempted genocide. Adolph Hitler, knowing that he had lost, committed suicide in his bunker on April 30, 1945. Meanwhile, in America, FDR had died from a massive cerebral hemorrhage on April 12, 1945. May 7, 1945 was the date of the official German surrender, and the next day was officially proclaimed V-E Day (Victory in Europe Day).
Japan Dies Hard
Know: Iwo Jima, Okinawa, Kamikazes
17. Explain the meaning of the title of this section.
The title of this section means that not only had Japan’s power died, but so many Japanese lives were lost. American submarines were ruining Japan’s fleet, a firebomb raid on Tokyo killed over 83,000 people, the last great naval battle at Leyte Gulf was lost by Japan, Iwo Jima was captured, and Okinawa was won from the Japanese. Japanese “kamikaze” suicide pilots even unleashed the full fury or their terror at Okinawa in a last-ditch effort.
The Atomic Bombs
Know: Potsdam, Hiroshima, Nagasaki, Hirohito
18. What was the military impact of the atomic bomb?
The atomic bombs were dropped by Americans onto Hiroshima, killing 180,000, and Nagasaki, killing 80,000. The Soviets then declared war on Japan. Japan then sued for peace on one condition: that the Emperor Hirohito be allowed to remain on the Japanese throne. The Allies accepted and Hirohito surrendered to General MacArthur.
The Allies Triumphant
Know: George Marshall
19. "This complex conflict was the best fought war in America's history." Explain
This means that this was the most successful war in America’s history. America suffered 1 million casualties, but the number killed by disease and infections was very low thanks to new miracle drugs like penicillin. But otherwise the U.S. had suffered little losses (two Japanese attacks on California and Oregon that were rather harmless). The success war partly thanks to the excellent U.S. generals and admirals, and the leaders. Industry also rose to the challenge, putting out a phenomenal amount of goods, proving wrong Hermann Goering, a Nazi leader who had scorned America’s lack of manufacturing skills.
Varying Viewpoints: The Atomic Bombs: Were They Justified?
20. What questions concerning WWII have historians attempted to answer?
Some questions concerning WWII historians have attempted to answer are what would have happened if the atomic bombs were not put down on Japan? Would Japan have continued their attacks on the world? Would they have become more powerful and taken over the world? Would they have stopped the power hungry Germans?
A. Philip Randolph- black leader; head of the Botherhood of Sleeping Car Porters; threatened a massive “Negro March on Washington” in 1941 to demand equal opportunities for blacks in war jobs and in the armed forces
George S. Patton- led Allied troops on D-Day in French Normandy to claw their way onto land across the landscape and deeper into France
Albert Einstein- German-born scientist who helped persuade Roosevelt into pushing ahead preparations for unlocking the secret of an atomic bomb
Office of Price Administration- brought ascending prices under control when full employment and scarce costumer goods fueled a sharp inflationary surge in 1942
Fair Employment Practice Commission- Roosevelt issued an executive order forbidding discrimination in defense industries and this commission was established to monitor said compliance
D-Day- point of attack at French Normandy on June 6, 1944; the amphibious assault on Normandy; after heavy resistance, Allied troops clawed their way onto land, across the landscape, and deeper into France
V-E Day- May 7, 1945, the date of the official German surrender, but the next day was officially proclaimed Victory in Europe Day
Manhattan Project- pushed feverishly forward, as American know-how and industrial power were combined with the most advanced scientific knowledge; desert near Alamogordo, New Mexico, experts detonated the first awesome and devastating atomic device
Braceros- workers had to be found for farms and factories because many men were fighting in the war; an agreement with Mexico in 1942 brought thousands of Mexican agricultural workers across the border to harvest fruit and grain crops of the West
Chapter #35: GUIDED READING QUESTIONS
The Allies Trade Space for Time
Know: Germany First
1. "America's task was far more complex and back-breaking [in World War II] than in World War I." Explain.
America’s task was to feed, clothe, and arm itself, as well as transport its forces to regions as far separated as Britain and Burma. It also had to send a vast amount of food and munitions to its hard-pressed allies, who stretched all the way from the USSR to Australia.
The Shock of War
Know: Axis Powers, Internment Camps, Korematsu v. U.S.
2. How did the war affect liberal ideals and goals at home?
Many programs of the New Deal including the Civilian Conservation Corps, the Works Progress Administration, and the National Youth Administration were wiped out by Congress in 1942. The New Deal was no longer popular.
Building the War Machine
Know: War Production Board, War Labor Board
3. What effects did the war have on manufacturing, agriculture and labor?
Factories poured forth an avalanche of weaponry, manufacturing of nonessential items was halted for the priorities of transportation and access to raw materials, farms were drained of workers, and full employment and scarce costumer good fueled a sharp inflationary surge in 1942. Labor Unions resented the government’s dictated ceilings on wage increases.
Makers of America: The Japanese
Know: Matthew Perry, Meiji Government, Picture Brides, Gentleman's Agreement, Issei, Nissei
4. In what way can it be said that the reason's for Japanese immigrants' success also caused them trouble?
The Japanese immigrants’ success caused them trouble because of the U.S.’s suspicions. The Americans started to realize that the Japanese in America could easily find out secret information and been spies. This could have led to the Japanese Americans being forced into the concentration camps where they were treated less even though they may have been native born and a legal U.S. citizen.
Manpower and Womanpower
Know: WAACS, WAVES, SPARS, GI, Braceros, Rosie the Riveter
5. What opportunities were opened to women as a result of the war?
Women were able to More than 6 million women took up jobs outside the home to earn an hourly wage. Many were mothers so 3,000 day care centers were set up to care for the women’s children. This job opportunity gave women a big part in helping the war effort and women’s equality in the workplace.
Wartime Migrations
Know: A. Philip Randolph, Fair Employment Practices Commission, Double V, CORE, Code Talkers, Zoot Suit Riots
6. What effect did the war have on the nation's minorities?
African Americans from the South started to move more North and started a big movement with their protestation of segregation, discrimination, and equality. Native Americans started to move out of reservations. Native Americans were also part of the armed forces and proved very valuable as “code talkers” through their native language. However, as different races started to brush arms, there was some distressingly violent friction.
Holding the Homefront
7. What economic effects resulted from American participation in the war?
The war invigorated the economy and lifted the country out of a decade long depression. The Office of Scientific Research and Development channeled hundreds of millions of dollars into university-based scientific research. The flood of war dollars swept the plague of unemployment from the land. The wartime bill amounted to more than $330 billion, the war costing $10 million an hour.
The Rising Sun in the Pacific
Know: Douglas MacArthur, Bataan Death March
8. Describe Japanese victories in the Pacific in the months following Pearl Harbor.
The Japanese launched widespread and uniformly successful attacks on various Far Eastern bastions including American outposts of Guam, Wake, and the Philippines. The Japanese cut Burma Road, which the U.S. used to truck munitions to armies of Chinese. The Japanese lunged southward against the oil-rich Dutch East Indies.
Japan's High Tide at Midway
Know: Battle of the Coral Sea, Midway, Chester Nimitz
9. Why was Midway an important battle?
Midway was an important battle was it was the first turn-around victory for the allies. The allied task force inflicted heavy losses on the Japanese. The Japanese imperialists overextended and suffered from “victory disease.”
American Leapfrogging Toward Tokyo
Know: Guadalcanal, Island Hopping, Guam
10. What strategy did the United States use to defeat the Japanese?
The United States used the strategy of leapfrogging. This meant that they would capture nearby islands of the most fortified Japanese posts, set up airfields on them, and then neutralizing the enemy bases through heavy bombing. Admiral Nimitz skillfully coordinated efforts of naval, air, and ground units, and easily retook islands from the Japanese.
The Allied Halting of Hitler
Know: Wolf Packs, Enigma, Erwin Rommel, Bernard Montgomery, El Alamein, Battle of Stalingrad
11. "The war against Hitler looked much better at the end of 1942 than it had in the beginning." Explain.
In the beginning, it looked as though what was left of the allied forces could not stand a chance against Hitler. Hitler entered the war with a formidable fleet of ultramodern submarines, which operated especially in the North Atlantic, the Caribbean, and the Gulf of Mexico. The war was looking better towards the end because eventually allied antisumbmarine tactics improved substantially thanks to British code breakers who had cracked the Germans’ “Enigma” codes, so they could see where German U-boats were close-by. The British also launched a thousand-plane raid on Cologne in May and joined with American air forces to drive German Marshal Rommel eastward. Then Stalin regained about two-thirds of the blood-soaked soviet motherland wrested from him by the German invader.
A Second Front from North Africa to Rome
Know: Soft Underbelly of Europe, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Casablanca, Sicily
12. Describe the purpose and outcome of the Invasion of North Africa.
The purpose was for the Allies to cut Hitler’s forces through the “soft underbelly” of the Mediterranean Sea. The attack was coordinated and executed by Dwight D. Eisenhower but upon meeting the German soldiers, the Americans were set back at the Kasserine Pass. The soft underbelly wasn’t really successful because the underbelly wasn’t as soft as Churchill had guessed.
D-Day: June 6, 1944
Know: Teheran, D-Day, Normandy, George Patton
13. Why could June 6, 1944 be considered THE turning point of the war?
One of the biggest factors that started the World War II was the fall of France. This was the turning point of the war because it was the day all the allies truly worked together to launch an attack on the Germans on the beaches of Normandy France. Allied troops finally clawed their way onto land, across the landscape, and deeper into France. With help of the “French Underground,” Paris was freed August of 1944.
FDR: The Fourth-Termite of 1944
Know: Thomas Dewey, Henry Wallace, Harry S Truman
14. Why was the choice of a vice-presidential candidate important and difficult for the democrats in 1944?
It was difficult because FDR was aging under the strain, but no other figure was available, and the war was grinding to its finale. The Democrats got a sense that FDR was the “forgotten man” so an unusual amount of attention was focused on the vice presidency because of this.
Roosevelt Defeats Dewey
Know: Fala
15. What factors led to Roosevelt's victory over Dewey?
Substantial assistance to Roosevelt came from the new political action committee of the CIO, which was organized to get around the law banning the direct use of union funds for political purposes. Roosevelt won primarily because the war was going well. Foreign policy was a decisive factor with untold thousands of voters, who concluded that Roosevelt’s experienced hand was needed in fashioning a future organization for world peace. Dewey had spoken smoothly of international cooperation, but his isolationist running mate, Bricker, had implanted serious doubts.
The Last Days of Hitler
Know: Battle of the Bulge, "Nuts," Elbe River, Holocaust, V-E Day
16. Describe the last six months of war in Europe.
On the retreat and losing, Hitler concentrated his forces and threw them in the Ardennes forest on December 16, 1944, starting the Battle of “the Bulge.” He nearly succeeded in his gamble, but the ten-day penetration was finally stopped by the 101st Airborne Division that had stood firm at the vital bastion of Bastogne, which was commanded by Brigadier General A.C. McAuliffe. In March 1945, the Americans reached the Rhine River of Germany, and then pushed toward the river Elbe, and from there, joining Soviet troops, they marched toward Berlin. Upon entering Germany, the Allies were horrified to find the concentration camps where millions of Jews and other “undesirables” had been slaughtered in attempted genocide. Adolph Hitler, knowing that he had lost, committed suicide in his bunker on April 30, 1945. Meanwhile, in America, FDR had died from a massive cerebral hemorrhage on April 12, 1945. May 7, 1945 was the date of the official German surrender, and the next day was officially proclaimed V-E Day (Victory in Europe Day).
Japan Dies Hard
Know: Iwo Jima, Okinawa, Kamikazes
17. Explain the meaning of the title of this section.
The title of this section means that not only had Japan’s power died, but so many Japanese lives were lost. American submarines were ruining Japan’s fleet, a firebomb raid on Tokyo killed over 83,000 people, the last great naval battle at Leyte Gulf was lost by Japan, Iwo Jima was captured, and Okinawa was won from the Japanese. Japanese “kamikaze” suicide pilots even unleashed the full fury or their terror at Okinawa in a last-ditch effort.
The Atomic Bombs
Know: Potsdam, Hiroshima, Nagasaki, Hirohito
18. What was the military impact of the atomic bomb?
The atomic bombs were dropped by Americans onto Hiroshima, killing 180,000, and Nagasaki, killing 80,000. The Soviets then declared war on Japan. Japan then sued for peace on one condition: that the Emperor Hirohito be allowed to remain on the Japanese throne. The Allies accepted and Hirohito surrendered to General MacArthur.
The Allies Triumphant
Know: George Marshall
19. "This complex conflict was the best fought war in America's history." Explain
This means that this was the most successful war in America’s history. America suffered 1 million casualties, but the number killed by disease and infections was very low thanks to new miracle drugs like penicillin. But otherwise the U.S. had suffered little losses (two Japanese attacks on California and Oregon that were rather harmless). The success war partly thanks to the excellent U.S. generals and admirals, and the leaders. Industry also rose to the challenge, putting out a phenomenal amount of goods, proving wrong Hermann Goering, a Nazi leader who had scorned America’s lack of manufacturing skills.
Varying Viewpoints: The Atomic Bombs: Were They Justified?
20. What questions concerning WWII have historians attempted to answer?
Some questions concerning WWII historians have attempted to answer are what would have happened if the atomic bombs were not put down on Japan? Would Japan have continued their attacks on the world? Would they have become more powerful and taken over the world? Would they have stopped the power hungry Germans?